Red agate carnelian gemstoneNatural Carnelian
Carnelian Rough
Carnelian is a brownish red to red-orange variety of
chalcedony or cryptocrystalline quartz. Its name is believed to come from a
variety of cherry known as kornel. The distinctive red-orange color of
carnelian is a result of trace amounts of iron. Sometimes the name Sard is used
to refer to the darker colors of carnelian, though there is no clear
distinction between carnelian and sard.
Carnelian is one of the oldest known gemstones. It was
widely used in ancient Rome to make signet or seal rings for imprinting a seal
on letters or important documents (hot wax does not stick to carnelian).
Carnelian is one of the twelve gemstones mentioned in the Bible as appearing on
the Breastplate of Aaron. It also is one of the birthstones listed in the
ancient Arabic, Hebrew and and Roman tables and is a Zodiac birthstone for the
sign of Virgo.
Like other chalcedonys, carnelian has a hardness of 6.5 to 7
on the Mohs scale, and a density of 2.58-2.64. It has a refractive index of
1.530-1.540. It ranges from translucent to opaque.
Carnelian Cameo
Today carnelian is used for cabochons and beads. It is also
carved to produce cameos, intaglios and sculptural pieces. The most important
carnelian deposits are found in Brazil, Uruguay, India and Madagascar.
Many carnelians being offered in the market today are
actually agates which have been dyed and then heat-treated. But there is a way
to identify natural carnelian. The dyed agate will display striping when held
against the light, while the natural carnelian will show a cloudy distribution
of color. Natural carnelian is increasingly rare.
Since carnelian has such a long history, it is not
surprisingly that many legends have become associated with it. Carnelian was
regarded as one of the luckiest gems to wear. The proverb is that "No man
who wore a carnelian was ever found in a collapsed house or beneath a fallen
wall." Carnelian was a talisman of good luck as early as the ancient Babylonians
and Greeks. Many Muslims man believe that wearing a carnelian brings peace and
happiness to the owner. This belief is attributed to the fact that Mohammed
wore a ring set with a carnelian seal. The emperor Napoleon jealously guarded a
carnelian seal which he found in an Egyptian campaign and often wore as a watch
charm.
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